|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 10
| Issue : 2 | Page : 66-69 |
|
Intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in Benin city, Nigeria
Frederick Olusegun Akinbo1, Aghogho Ikedje2, Christopher E Okaka2
1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
2 Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| Date of Web Publication | 7-Dec-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
Frederick Olusegun Akinbo
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City
Nigeria
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0331-8540.122761
Context: Human intestinal parasites have always been a major health problem in the developing countries. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans and establishes a relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and risk-factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 353 participants which consisted of 272 males and 81 females were recruited for this study with age ranging from 18 to 65 years. Stool specimens were collected from the participants and analysed using the standard technique. The data obtained were analysed using Chi-square (χ2 ) to compare the frequency data while the odd ratio was calculated for potential risk factors. Results: Out of 353 subjects, 118 (33.4%) subjects had intestinal parasitic infections. Age, gender, marital status, occupation, educational status and source of food did not significantly affect (P = 0.219, P = 0.920, P = 0.276, P = 0.087, P = 0.074 and P = 0.442, respectively) the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. The use of well/rain water (odds ratio [OR] =2.721; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.452, 5.100; P = 0.002) and presence of diarrhoea (OR = 6.169; 95% CI = 3.665, 10.474; P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections among artisans. Defecating in nearby bushes resulted in a significantly increased prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans (P < 0.0001). The intestinal parasites recovered were Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba histolytica. A. lumbricoides had the highest prevalence (77.8%). The male gender had the highest prevalence in all the four intestinal parasites recovered in this study. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of 34.4% of intestinal parasitic infections was observed among artisans in Benin City. The source of water, type of toilet and presence of diarrhoea significantly affected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans. A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasitic agent recovered in this study. Keywords: Artisans, Benin City, intestinal parasites
How to cite this article:
Akinbo FO, Ikedje A, Okaka CE. Intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in Benin city, Nigeria. Niger J Basic Clin Sci 2013;10:66-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Akinbo FO, Ikedje A, Okaka CE. Intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in Benin city, Nigeria. Niger J Basic Clin Sci [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Jun 1];10:66-9. Available from: https://www.njbcs.net/text.asp?2013/10/2/66/122761 |
| Introduction | |  |
Human intestinal parasites have always been a major health problem in the developing countries. [1],[2],[3] Intestinal parasitic infections caused by pathogenic helminthic and protozoan species are endemic throughout the world. [4] These infections are responsible for misery, starvation and often mortality in man. [5]
Infection with soil-transmitted helminths is intimately connected with poverty, with the highest prevalence rates observed in low- and middle-income countries where hygiene is poor, access to safe, clean water is lacking and sanitation is absent or inadequate. [6],[7],[8] Parasitic diseases create morbidity and sometimes mortality. Estimates of these parasitic diseases thus become a matter of necessity for the surveillance of public health, proper health-care delivery and people's welfare. [9] In sub-Saharan African Countries, up to 250 million people are estimated to be infected with at least one or more species of intestinal nematodes. [10] Intestinal parasitic infections are common in Nigeria as in other developing countries and are responsible for malnutrition, susceptibility to other infections, anaemia and a number of acute complications such as intestinal obstruction, appendicitis and peritonitis. [11],[12]
A number of studies have reported on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients [13] as well as non-HIV infected persons [14],[15] in Benin City.
Artisans are skilled manual workers who make items that may be functional or strictly decorative, including furniture, sculpture, clothing, jewellery, workers on building sites, household items and tools or even machines such as car repairer and watchmaker. Artisans are more likely to eat food and drink water from questionable sources as they carry out their work. They are also likely to have poor hygiene standards, which may result in parasitic, bacterial and other infections. There is a dearth of information on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in Benin City. Against this background, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans and establishes a relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and risk factors in this study.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Study area
The study area was located in the Midwestern part of Nigeria. Benin City is an ancient city and serves as the capital city of Edo State. The City alone is made up of three local government areas (LGA) namely-Oredo, Ikpoba-Okha and Egor LGAs. It is located within the low rain forest zone of Nigeria and has two seasons, dry and wet. The dry season lasts from mid-October to March or April while the raining season lasts from April to September. The study was conducted in the Benin City metropolis. Benin City has a population of about 762,719. [16]
Study population
A total of 353 participants which consisted of 272 males and 81 females were recruited for this study at different locations of the city. The age of the study participants ranged from 10 to 65 years. Informed consent was obtained from each participant or their parents/guardians in case of children prior to specimen collection. The protocol for this study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State.
Specimen collection and processing
Stool specimen was obtained from each participant. The stool specimen was collected in clean wide-mouthed universal container. Direct examination of stool specimen in saline and iodine was carried out for motile parasites. Following this, the stool specimens were processed using the formol-ether concentration method and examined microscopically for intestinal parasites as previously described. [14] Briefly, about 1 g of faeces was emulsified in 4 ml of formol saline and mixed. The mixture was sieved and to the filtrate, 4 ml of diethyl ether was added and mixed. The mixture was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 1 min. The faecal debris on the side of the tube was detached using an applicator and the supernatant discarded. From the deposit, saline and iodine mounts were prepared and examined for the presence of parasites.
Data analysis
The data obtained were analysed using Chi-square (χ2 ) to compare the frequency data while odd ratio was calculated for potential risk factors. The software INSTAT (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.
| Results | | |
A total of 118 (33.4%) out of 353 subjects had intestinal parasitic infections. Age and gender did not significantly affect the prevalence of parasitic infections among artisans (P = 0.219 and P = 0.920 respectively). Similarly, marital status (P = 0.276), occupation (P = 0.087), educational status (P = 0.074) and source of food (P = 0.442) did not significantly affect the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. However, the use of well/rain water (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.721 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.452, 5.100; P = 0.002) and presence of diarrhoea (OR = 6.169 95% CI = 3.665, 10.474; P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections among artisans. Defecating in nearby bushes resulted in a significantly increased prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans [P < 0.0001; [Table 1]]. | Table 1: Effects of risk factors on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in artisans
Click here to view |
In this study, the intestinal parasites recovered were Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba histolytica. A. lumbricoides had the highest prevalence (77.8%), followed by hookworm (15.1%), T. trichiura (5.6%) and E. histolytica (1.6%) [Table 2]. | Table 2: Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in Benin City
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Intestinal parasites constitute some of the most common and important parasites of man and they are regarded as an important public health problem in tropical Africa. [17] In spite of the prevalence of many risk factors predisposing people to intestinal parasitic agents, unfortunately, there is paucity of data on intestinal parasitic infections among artisans hence, the reason for comparing with other population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in Benin City. An overall prevalence of 33.4% of intestinal parasitic infections in artisans was observed in our study. This prevalence is similar to previous reports that observed 30.6% [18] and 41.0% [14] in a mining area in Ishiagu, Abia State and tertiary hospital in Benin City. The prevalence in this study is however, higher than that previously reported 3.9% among patients of a tertiary hospital in Benin City, Nigeria. [15] The difference in the prevalence may be due to the type of subjects used. In this study, apparently healthy individuals were used while other studies used in and out patients in a tertiary hospital [15] or location with varied sanitary habits. [19]
Gender did not significantly associate with the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans. This finding is consistent with previous studies in a tertiary hospital in Benin City, Nigeria. [15] In our study, age did not show any correlation with the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. This finding is inconsistent with previous report of Nwaneri and Omuemu [13] in Benin City, Nigeria. The reason for the difference in this finding may be due to the type of subjects used, where children from orphanage homes were used by Nwaneri and Omuemu [13] while our subjects were both children and adults. Despite the fact that married subjects had a prevalence of 35.7%, this did not significantly affect the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans. In this study, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was not associated with marital status.
Type of Artisans and educational status did not significantly affect the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in our study.
Artisans are known to eat food and drink water from questionable sources as they carry out their work. In this study, source of food did not significantly associate with the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. The reason behind this finding is unclear.
The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was associated with source of water and artisans that use well/rain water as source of water appear to have 2-5-fold increased risk of acquiring intestinal parasitic infections.This finding is consistent with previous report by Ogbuagu et al. [20] that observed high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among subjects that use well/rain water (41.3%, 38.2%) as source of water in Nnewi, Nigeria. Poor hygiene practices amongst the people such as dropping the bucket which is used in taking water from the well on the floor, where it may get contaminated thus, helping in getting the water from the well contaminated. This may explain the findings in this present study.
Type of toilet significantly affected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections with subject's defaecating in bushes having the highest prevalence of 50%.
Diarrhoea was observed to be significantly associated with the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans in our study. The type of fruits consumed did not significantly affect the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. This may be due to the fact that the processes of cultivation, processing to consumption of the different fruits are basically the same.
The intestinal parasites recovered from artisans in our study were A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura and E. histolytica. Similar parasites were reported in previous study among patients in a tertiary hospital in Benin City. [15] A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent (77.8%) of all the intestinal parasites recovered. The finding of A. lumbricoides as the most prevalent parasite in our study is consistent with previous reports in a mining area and tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. [15],[17],[18]
In this study, the male gender had the highest prevalence in all the four intestinal parasites recovered. The finding that E. histolytica and T. trichiura were not recovered from our female subjects is surprising as a previous study from Benin City (though among patients in a tertiary hospital) observed both parasites in female gender. [15]
| Conclusion | | |
An overall prevalence of 34.4% of intestinal parasitic infections was observed among artisans in Benin City. The source of water, type of toilet and presence of diarrhoea significantly affected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among artisans. A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasitic agent. Measures to reduce the prevalence of parasitic infections among artisans are advocated.
| Acknowledgment | | |
We acknowledge with thanks the Laboratory staff of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Benin City for their cooperation while we use their laboratory for our analysis.
| References | | |
| 1. | World Health Organization. Prevention and control of Intestinal parasitic infections. World Health Organisation; 1987. Technical Report Series 749:1-86. 
|
| 2. | Corry JK, Brett VS. Common intestinal parasites. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:1111-8.
|
| 3. | Sayyari AA, Imanzadeh F, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Karami H, Yaghoobi M. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2005;11:377-83.
[PUBMED] |
| 4. | World Health Organization. Intestinal parasites, 2000. Available from: http://www.who.int/ctd/intpara/burdens.htm. Accessed May 2000.
|
| 5. | Montelmans J. Some economic aspects with respect to veterinary parasitology. Tropicultura 1986;4:112-6.
|
| 6. | Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 2006;367:1521-32.
[PUBMED] |
| 7. | Brooker S. Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: Adding up the numbers - A review. Int J Parasitol 2010;40:1137-44.
[PUBMED] |
| 8. | Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J. Helminth infections: The great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 2008;118:1311-21.
[PUBMED] |
| 9. | Mordi RM, Ngwodo PO. A study of blood and gastro-intestinal parasites in Edo state. Afr J Biotechnol 2007;6:2201-7.
|
| 10. | Hall A, Suvenchan M. Intestinal worms: Strategies to control disease. Afr Health 1994;17:23-6.
|
| 11. | Holland CV, Asaolu SO. Ascariasis in Nigeria. Parasitol Today 1990;6:143-7.
[PUBMED] |
| 12. | Ekundayo OJ, Aliyu MH, Jolly PE. A review of intestine helminthiasis in Nigeria and the need for school-based intervention. J Rural Trop Pub Health 2007;6:33-9.
|
| 13. | Nwaneri DU, Omuemu VO. Intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status of children living in orphanages in Benin City, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2013;16:243-8.
[PUBMED]  |
| 14. | Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Libyan J Med 2010;5:5506.
|
| 15. | Akinbo FO, Omoregie R, Eromwon R, Igbenimah IO, Airueghiomon UE. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients of a tertiary hospital in Benin city, Nigeria. N Am J Med Sci 2011;3:462-4.
[PUBMED] |
| 16. | Akinbo F.O., Okaka C.E., Omoregie R. Co-infections of Plasmodium spp and intestinal parasitic infections among HIV patients in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2012;6:430-5.
|
| 17. | Ajayi MB, Gbadeyan MS, Avwioro GO, Idowu ET, Adedire AO. A study of intestinal helminthes in patients in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Int J Adv Biosci 2013;1:24-7.
|
| 18. | Nduka FO, Nwaugo VO, Nwachukwu NC. Human intestinal parasite infections in Ishiagu, a leading mining Area of Abia State. Anim Res Int 2006;3:505-7.
|
| 19. | Jamaiah I, Rohela M. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among members of the public in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36:68-71.
[PUBMED] |
| 20. | Ogbuagu CN, Eneanya CI, Chukwuma C, Ogbuagu EN, Oguoma VM: High prevalence of intestinal parasites in a Nigerian tertiary health institution. Internet J Parasit Dis 2010;4:2.
|
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Prevalence of intestinal parasite among patients attending two hospitals in French Guiana: A 6-year retrospective study |
|
| Alolia Aboikoni,Manon Allaire,Dominique Louvel,Denis Blanchet,Thong Dao,Jean-François Carod,Magalie Demar,Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales | | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021; 15(2): e0009087 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
The Frequency of the Intestinal Parasites Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba Histolytica in Pediatric Diarrhea Specimens from Central Iran |
|
| Elnaz Abbasi,Alireza Amouzandeh-Nobaveh,Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad | | The Open Microbiology Journal. 2020; 14(1): 53 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Haftkel County, Southwest of Iran |
|
| Jasem Saki,Shahram Khademvatan,Masoud Foroutan-Rad,Marziyeh Gharibzadeh | | International Journal of Infection. 2016; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Frequency of Intestinal Parasites in Patients With Gastrointestinal Disorders, in Different Parts of Iran During 2012-2013 |
|
| Nozhat Zebardast,Mohammad Javad Gharavi,Alireza Abadi,Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei,Farshid Yeganeh,Hooshang Khazan,Shirzad Fallahi,Kobra Kohansal,Nima Salehi,Farideh Naderi,Ali Haghighi | | International Journal of Enteric Pathogens. 2015; 3(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for